Don't use a commentary like this
One of the rallying cries from the Protestant Reformation was sola scriptura – Scripture alone is our final authority for faith and practice. That led to a significant development in the history of Christianity: the right to private interpretation. The combination of the Gutenberg Bible and the Reformation put Scripture into the hands of lay people. However, with this historical development, we didn’t just gain access to Scripture, we also took on a responsibility. As R.C. Sproul once pointed out,
“Private interpretation never meant that individuals have the right to distort the Scriptures. With the right of private interpretation comes the sober responsibility of accurate interpretation. Private interpretation gives us license to interpret, not to distort.”
Since we are the representatives for the Creator of the Universe, the last thing we want to do is advocate something that God did not say. So then, how can you avoid distorting God’s message? By taking the steps we’ve already taken. First, we observe well – we use our reporter’s hat and our detective’s hat to make observations from the text. Then we allow context to guide our interpretation and compare Scripture with Scripture to make sure we’re seeing the consistency in God’s message. Only after taking these steps are we ready to ask for help from someone else.
We never want to become arrogant in our study process to think that the Holy Spirit is only talking to us, that He’s never said anything to anyone else. If you stop and think about it, thousands of people have traveled this road ahead of us, and some have left behind some valuable helps. There can be great value in consulting what someone else has already learned, as demonstrated by one of my favorite poems, The Bridge Builder by Will Allen Dromgoole.
When we properly use a secondary resource, we can leverage what we’ve learned thus far against the contributions of others. However, do remember that they are called “secondary” resources for a reason…they are to be used only after you have observed and interpreted the biblical text for yourself. Never forget that order. To run straight to a commentary without even thinking through the text shows a lack of trust in what the Holy Spirit can teach you. Scripture doesn’t yield its fruit to the lazy. While it’s certainly easier to google up an interpretation of a passage, this short-cut will end up short-circuiting your growth and development.
After we observe and interpret the text, we are ready to see what someone else has to say about the same passage. You’ll be surprised at how many others came to the same conclusion you have. You may find another aspect of text or a cultural influence you weren’t aware of, and that may affect your interpretation. You may also find that you disagree with a commentator’s interpretation – if you do, put on your reporter’s hat and detective’s hat again and see which of you did a better job observing the text!
There are many types of secondary resources out there that can help you with your study of Scripture, but I want to focus on the main two: concordances and commentaries.
A concordance is a tool that enables you to look up terms – think of it like an index to the Bible. A concordance lists all of the words of the text alphabetically, with references for where they appear, along with a few of the surrounding words to give some context. Using a concordance is probably my favorite part during Interpretation. I love finding out the exact meaning of an author’s choice of words. However, using a concordance goes beyond studying terms:
Suppose you want to study the life of a particular person, and you choose Moses. Use a concordance to look him up and you’ll see that the bulk of his life is detailed in the book of Exodus. However, you will also see that Moses is discussed in both Acts and Hebrews – he’s been dead for 1000’s of years at this point, yet there is important information about him presented in the New Testament. His life is discussed in Acts 7 and he occupies the largest amount of text in “God’s Hall of Fame” found in Hebrews 11. If you hadn’t looked it up, you may have missed one or both of these passages on his life – and you would not have gotten God’s full picture of Moses’ life.
Another good use of a concordance is if you want to do a topical study. If you wanted to look up all Scriptural references to money, you’d instantly have a listing of all verses in the 27 books that mention money. You’d also see that there are a lot of references to money in the gospels – and that’s because Jesus talked about money A LOT.
The other secondary resource we need to discuss are commentaries.
Have you ever listened to the teaching of someone who is masterfully explaining the Word and thought, Wow, I’d like to have them sitting beside me next time I come to the Scriptures. Well, a commentary does essentially that. A commentary offers you the insights of someone who has perhaps spent his or her whole life studying the text. While a commentary cannot do your study for you, it certainly is an excellent means of evaluating and expanding your own study.
There are a seemingly infinite number of commentaries out there, with many different (and often conflicting) interpretations – so which one should you choose? If you purchase a written commentary (as opposed to any available online), you want a good, single-volume, general commentary, one that covers both the Old Testament and the New Testament in one, or at the most, two volumes.
You’re looking for a commentary to add detail and insight into the text, but you don’t want a deep dive into the weeds about an individual topic. Also…don’t spend a ton of money on a 24-volume set! Lastly, be careful whom you listen to, because at least at some level, we all bring our theological systems and assumptions when we read the text. Some commentators force their belief systems into the text…but your early work with your reporter’s hat and detective’s hat will help protect you from running off with misinterpretations.
If you are unfamiliar with the author, you need to find out his or her theological perspective – is he conservative or liberal, does she believe in the essential truths of Christianity? So how do you discover the answer to those kinds of questions? Two ways, really:
1. Google them. You can’t believe everything on the internet, but you can probably find a synopsis of who this person is and what they believe…especially if you find they have a website with a belief statement.
2. You can turn to a passage that you have studied on your own and know that you have come to a correct interpretation, then compare the commentator’s answer to your own.
Why is it important that you know the author’s theological perspective? If you don’t know, then you could be setting yourself up for bad advice. We find this warning among Solomon’s proverbs:
The one who walks with the wise will become wise, but the companion of fools will suffer harm. (Proverbs 13:20)
If you still are unsure if you should use a particular commentary, then the next step is to consult a mature, studied Christian whose opinion you trust. Ask your pastor or teacher. Either would be ecstatic to answer that kind of question for you, because it demonstrates that you are studying your Bible and practicing discernment when you do so.
In the end, commentaries can be both a blessing and a curse. The downside is the tendency to start depending on them rather than familiarizing yourself with the biblical text. There’s nothing wrong with commentaries, but remember that ultimately they are just one person’s opinion, and they are certainly not inspired Scripture. At the same time, a scholar who has spent a lifetime investigating the biblical text can frequently get you past the barriers to understanding. His comments can also help you evaluate your own personal study.
REMEMBER: the use of secondary resources should NEVER be a substitute for personal Bible study, but rather a stimulus for it. Always remember the order: First the Word of God, then the secondary resources. Additionally…secondary resources are OPTIONAL, you are not required to look up a certain number of words or consult a minimum number of commentaries to have a successful understanding of the text.
Commentaries I recommend:
The Bible Knowledge Commentary
The Grace New Testament Commentary
Zondervan Illustrated Bible Background Commentary
Tony Evans Bible Commentary
Online concordances:
http://www.studylight.org
http://www.blueletterbible.org
Online commentaries:
https://planobiblechapel.org/soniclight/
https://faithalone.org/ebooks/
Using a resource listed above or one of your own, let’s see what we can find for our Joshua passage:
Concordance – look up important nouns and verbs, those are the most impactful parts of the text. Some words have a clear, 1:1 translation…other words will have a richer meaning in the original language. Try looking up strong, courageous, success, and meditate.
Commentary – choose a commentary (or two) and compare the author’s observations with your own. What did you both see? Do you differ anywhere? If so, which conclusion best fits the text?
Joshua 1:6-9
“Be strong and courageous, for you will distribute the land I swore to their fathers to give them as an inheritance. Above all, be strong and very courageous to observe carefully the whole instruction my servant Moses commanded you. Do not turn from it to the right or the left, so that you will have success wherever you go.
This book of instruction must not depart from your mouth; you are to meditate on it day and night so that you may carefully observe everything written in it. For then you will prosper and succeed in whatever you do. Haven’t I commanded you: be strong and courageous? Do not be afraid or discouraged, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go.”
Keep Pressing,
Ken